{"id":11153,"date":"2024-02-28T12:03:11","date_gmt":"2024-02-28T11:03:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hoplasoftware.com\/?p=11153"},"modified":"2025-10-30T22:06:41","modified_gmt":"2025-10-30T21:06:41","slug":"vacuum-nuestro-gran-aliado","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hopla.tech\/en\/vacuum-nuestro-gran-aliado\/","title":{"rendered":"Vacuum. Nuestro Gran Aliado"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introducci\u00f3n<\/b><\/h2>\n

Antes de explicar que es el proceso de vacuum y para que se utiliza, explicaremos unos conceptos b\u00e1sicos que nos ayudar\u00e1n a comprender porqu\u00e9 existe este proceso.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

PostgreSQL<\/a> es una base de datos relacional que cumple con el conjunto de propiedades <\/span>ACID<\/span><\/a> (Atomicidad, Consistencia, Aislamiento y Durabilidad) para garantizar que las transacciones son procesadas de manera fiable. Para conseguir que se cumplan estas propiedades, PostgreSQL usa un mecanismo que se denomina Control de Concurrencia. <\/span>
\n<\/span>Existen diferentes t\u00e9cnicas para control de concurrencia, PostgreSQL<\/a> implementa Multi Version Concurrency Control (<\/span>MVCC<\/span><\/a>) para proteger la consistencia del dato. Oracle, por ejemplo, usa los segmentos de rollback.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Con MVCC cuando se realiza una operaci\u00f3n de borrado o actualizaci\u00f3n en la base de datos, los datos no son modificados dentro del mismo registro f\u00edsico, sino que se crea una nueva versi\u00f3n del registro o de la tupla, manteniendo la versi\u00f3n antigua. Mediante la aplicaci\u00f3n de reglas de verificaci\u00f3n de visibilidad (Visibility Check Rules), se puede determinar si una tupla es visible o invisible.<\/span><\/p>\n

Para identificar si una tupla es visible o no, cada vez que se inicia una transacci\u00f3n, el gestor de transacciones asigna un identificador \u00fanico, denominado identificador de transacci\u00f3n (txid). En PostgreSQL, este identificador (n\u00famero entero de 32 bit) puede identificar\u00a0 hasta 4,2 billones de transacciones. Sin embargo, PostgreSQL trata los txid de manera circular ( ver <\/span>figura 1<\/span><\/a>), lo que hace que solo la mitad de las transacciones (2,1 billones) son tratadas como visibles.<\/span><\/p>\n

Esta forma de tratar los txid, tiene un problema que es conocido como <\/span>wraparound<\/span><\/i>, que lo comentaremos m\u00e1s adelante.<\/span><\/p>\n

s
\nFigura 1. Modelo circular de transacciones<\/p>\n

\u00bfPor qu\u00e9 es necesario el proceso de vacuum, cu\u00e1l es su funcionalidad?<\/b><\/h2>\n

Veamos un peque\u00f1o ejemplo que nos ayudar\u00e1 a comprender el porqu\u00e9 es necesario el proceso de vacuum.<\/span><\/p>\n

Creamos una tabla e insertamos 100.000 registros. Podemos observar que el tama\u00f1o de la tabla es de 3576Kb. Inmediatamente despu\u00e9s se realiza un update en la tabla sobre 50.000 registros. Ser\u00eda de esperar que el tama\u00f1o de la tabla no aumentara, sin embargo se observa que la tabla ahora ocupa 5344Kb (aprox. 49% m\u00e1s). <\/span>
\n<\/span>\u00bfC\u00f3mo es posible?. Recordar que PostgreSQL usa MVCC por lo que cuando se hace un update, internamente se comporta como si se hiciera un delete m\u00e1s insert.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Vacuum<\/p>\n

Podemos pensar, bueno si borro todas las filas de la tabla se reducir\u00e1 el espacio\u2026\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"vacuum Upss!\u00a0 He borrado todos los registros de la tabla y sin embargo el tama\u00f1o de la tabla no se ha reducido, sigue ocupando 5344 Kb.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Vacuum<\/p>\n

\u00bfQu\u00e9 es lo que est\u00e1 pasando? \u00bf Y si ejecuto el proceso de vacuum\u2026?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Observamos que ahora el tama\u00f1o de la tabla es de solo 16 Kb.\u00bf\u00bf??<\/span><\/p>\n

Como hemos comentado anteriormente, por el funcionamiento intr\u00ednseco de PostgreSQL (MVCC). Cuando se realiza un borrado o una actualizaci\u00f3n de una tupla, estas no son eliminadas f\u00edsicamente de su tabla, sino que persisten dentro del servidor y se marcan como tuplas muertas.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00e1sicamente el proceso de <\/span>vacuum <\/span><\/i>se utiliza para realizar aquellas tareas de mantenimiento y limpieza sobre los datos de las tablas e \u00edndices que han sido modificados.\u00a0 Principalmente sirve para dos prop\u00f3sitos:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  • Reclamar espacio ocupado por las tuplas muertas.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Recolectar informaci\u00f3n para el optimizador.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    \u00bfPor qu\u00e9 es importante el vacuum y autovacuum en una base de datos?<\/b><\/h2>\n

    Este es uno de los procesos de mantenimiento m\u00e1s importantes a considerar dentro de la gesti\u00f3n de una base de datos PostgreSQL. Aunque este proceso no es obligatorio dentro de una base de datos, es <\/span>altamente<\/b> recomendable<\/b> que est\u00e9 activo. Sobre todo en bases de datos productivas con una alta transaccionalidad. Imaginemos una base de datos que actualiza e inserta millones de registros al d\u00eda. Si no existiera este proceso llegar\u00eda un momento en que las tablas crecer\u00edan sin control, el registro de transacciones se quedar\u00eda sin identificadores de transacci\u00f3n, se producir\u00edan problemas de rendimiento, almacenamiento, etc. En resumen, no funcionar\u00e1 como se espera en un sistema RDBMS, por lo que el proceso est\u00e9 siempre activo, tiene unas grandes ventajas pero tambi\u00e9n ciertos inconvenientes.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Ventajas<\/i><\/b><\/h3>\n
      \n
    • Nos permite automatizar las tareas de <\/span>vacuum\u00a0 <\/span><\/i>y <\/span>analyze <\/span><\/i>de las bases de datos.<\/span><\/li>\n
    • Nos ayuda a prevenir problemas de <\/span>wraparound.<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n
    • Previene un crecimiento excesivo de las tablas e \u00edndices (<\/span>bloat<\/span><\/i>).<\/span><\/li>\n
    • Se pueden configurar par\u00e1metros que gobiernan la ejecuci\u00f3n del proceso de <\/span>vacuum<\/span><\/i> o <\/span>autovacuum<\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/li>\n
    • Se pueden crear m\u00faltiples procesos (llamados <\/span>workers<\/span><\/i>) para mejorar y\/o paralelizar la ejecuci\u00f3n de las tareas de <\/span>vacuum.<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Inconvenientes<\/i><\/b><\/h3>\n
        \n
      • Los procesos de <\/span>vacuum<\/span><\/i> tienen gran coste en referencia a operaciones de I\/O en disco.<\/span><\/li>\n
      • Los procesos de <\/span>autovacuum<\/span><\/i> no pueden procesar las tablas temporales. Tiene que realizarse manualmente.<\/span><\/li>\n
      • Los procesos de <\/span>autovacuum<\/span><\/i> no soportan procesos paralelos.<\/span><\/li>\n
      • Tareas muy agresivas de <\/span>vacuum<\/span><\/i> pueden afectar al rendimiento general de la base de datos.<\/span><\/li>\n
      • El <\/span>vacuum<\/span><\/i> full<\/span><\/i> necesita un bloqueo exclusivo sobre el objeto.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        Introducci\u00f3n Antes de explicar que es el proceso de vacuum y para que se utiliza, explicaremos unos conceptos b\u00e1sicos que nos ayudar\u00e1n a comprender porqu\u00e9 existe este proceso.\u00a0 PostgreSQL es una base de datos relacional que cumple con el conjunto de propiedades ACID (Atomicidad, Consistencia, Aislamiento y Durabilidad) para garantizar que las transacciones son procesadas […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":12619,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[284],"tags":[572,568,571,575,574,569,573,567,576,570],"class_list":["post-11153","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-postgresql","tag-analyze","tag-autovacuum","tag-bloat","tag-identificadores-de-transaccion-txid","tag-mantenimiento-de-bases-de-datos","tag-mvcc","tag-rendimiento-de-bases-de-datos","tag-vacuum","tag-visibilidad-de-tuplas","tag-wraparound"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nVacuum. 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